But similar conclusions pop up in a staggering range of scenarios. A study last summer showed that doctors are
stingier when handing out painkillers to black patients than to white ones. Indeed, doctors appear to make racially biased treatment decisions
in a range of areas. And it's not just doctors. In a 2007 study, psychologists had people play a kind of video game where armed and unarmed subjects pop up against a variety of backgrounds and the player has to decide whether or not to shoot. In the simulation, people were
more likely to mistakenly shoot a black person than a white one. In a famous 2003 paper, Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan sent out otherwise identical resumes under both stereotypically "white" and stereotypically "black" names. The white names were
50 percent more likely to be called back. Justin Wolfers and Joseph Price found that
white referees are more likely to call fouls on black players in the National Basketball Association.